An 18th century poem by James Grainger about the sugar industry and the keeping of slaves, provides a white man’s description of an “ Obia ” spell used to keep from being struck by “a conjurer’s snake-mark’d staff”: “Fern root cut small, and tied with many a knot Old teeth extracted from a white man’s skull; A lizard skeleton; a serpent’s head; These mixt with salt, and water from the spring, Are in a phial pour’d; o’er these the leach [doctor] Mutters strange jargon, and wild circles forms. Of this posesst, each negro deems himself Secure from poison; for to poison they Are infamously prone: and arm’d with this Their fable country demons they defy.” -- James Grainger, The Sugar Cane. A footnote to the poem elaborates: “The negro-conjurers, or obia men, as they are called, carry about them a staff, which is marked with frogs, snakes &c. The blacks imagine that its blow, if not mortal, will at least occasion long and troublesome disorders.”